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The science of histology and pathology deals with the examination of tissue samples for changes contributing to the development disease. This identifies malignant disease and, through the recognition of its cell pattern, the classification into scientifically determined categories. Wafer-thin tissue sections are made from tissues samples removed during endoscopy or surgery. Analysis is necessary to determine the stage of the disease or clinical condition. If the tissue samples are obtained during surgery, all results of the histopathological examination are  designated with an additional letter ‘p’  to the regular TNM classification system.  Therefore, a ‘pTNM’ determination indicates a post-operative histopathological classification.  

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